What Are Undescended Testes?
Undescended testes happen when one or both testicles do not move down into the scrotum before birth. Usually, the testicles form inside the belly and drop into the scrotum during the last months of pregnancy. However, in some children, this does not occur. This condition is also called cryptorchidism. Undescended testes in children are common, especially in boys born early. According to the CDC, about 3 out of 100 full-term boys have this issue. In most cases, the testicle moves down on its own within a few months. But sometimes, treatment for undescended testicle is needed.
Common Symptoms
Often, parents notice undescended testes during a routine check-up. For example, the scrotum may look smaller on one side. Sometimes, the testicle cannot be felt in the scrotum at all. Although most children do not feel pain, it is important to watch for signs. Early detection helps protect pediatric testicular health. Look for these symptoms:
Because symptoms can be mild, regular doctor visits are important. In many cases, doctors find the problem during a newborn exam.
Causes and Risk Factors
Undescended testes can happen for many reasons. Sometimes, the cause is not clear. However, certain factors make it more likely. For instance, boys born early (premature) have a higher risk. In addition, low birth weight increases the chance. Family history can also play a role. If a father or brother had undescended testes, the risk is higher. Other risk factors include:
Although not all causes can be prevented, knowing the risks helps parents and doctors watch for signs.
How Doctors Diagnose Undescended Testes
Doctors usually find undescended testes during a physical exam. For example, they gently feel the scrotum and groin. If the testicle is not found, further tests may be needed. Sometimes, an ultrasound helps locate the testicle. In rare cases, doctors use other imaging tests. Additionally, if both testicles are missing, blood tests may check hormone levels. Early diagnosis is key for the best outcome. Pediatricians and specialists work together to plan the next steps.
Treatment Options
Most of the time, undescended testes move down on their own by six months of age. However, if this does not happen, treatment for undescended testicle is needed. Early treatment helps protect future fertility and lowers cancer risk. Common options include:
Because timing matters, doctors often recommend surgery before the child turns one year old. In many cities, pediatric surgeons have special training for this procedure.
Possible Complications
Without treatment, undescended testes can lead to problems later in life. For instance, boys may have trouble making sperm as adults. In addition, the risk of testicular cancer is higher. Other possible issues include:
Because these risks are serious, early treatment is important for long-term health.
Prevention and Parental Guidance
Although not all cases can be prevented, parents can take steps to support their child’s health. For example, regular prenatal care during pregnancy helps lower some risks. Avoiding smoking and harmful chemicals during pregnancy is also important. After birth, parents should attend all well-baby visits. At these visits, doctors check for signs of undescended testes and other issues. If you notice anything unusual, talk to your doctor right away. In many areas, pediatricians have experience with cryptorchidism symptoms and can guide you through the next steps.